What is the process called that converts living skin cells into hard proteins?

The process that converts living skin cells into hard proteins is known as keratinization. This biological process involves the transformation of keratinocytes, which are the predominant cell type in the outer layer of the skin, into cells that produce keratin, a tough and fibrous protein. As keratinocytes move from the deeper layers of the epidermis to the surface, they undergo mitosis and eventually lose their nuclei, filling with keratin and losing their viability. This results in the formation of a protective barrier that helps to prevent water loss and shield underlying tissues from environmental hazards.

Keratinization is a crucial process for maintaining skin integrity and resilience. It is particularly important in areas of the skin that experience additional wear and tear, as it aids in the formation of thicker layers that provide enhanced protection and durability.